Objectives. The aim of the study was to evaluate the internal and marginal fit between single crowns which were fabricated using laser sintering, CADCAM and conventional methods.\nMaterials and Methods. Polyamide master and working models were designed and fabricated. The Models were initially designed with a software application for 3D computer-aided design (AutoCAD vs., USA). Following the design procedure, all models were fabricated models were produced by a 3D printer (EOSINT P380 SLS, EOS). A total of 128 one-unit Co-Cr fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) were fabricated with four different techniques: Conventional lost wax method (LCW), milled wax with lost-wax method (MCLW), direct laser metal sintering (DLMS) and milled Co-Cr (MCo-Cr). All fabricated crowns cemented to their own casts with polycarboxylate cement, embedded in epoxy resin and each crown was sectioned with a low speed saw centrally in vertical plane. The cement film thickness of the marginal and internal gaps were measured by an observer using a stereomicroscope after taking digital photos in x24 magnification. \nResults. Best fit rates according to mean and standard deviations of all measurements was in DLMS both in premolar (65,84) and molar (58,38) models in µm. Significant difference was found DLMS and the rest of fabrication techniques (p<0.05). No significant difference was found between MCo-CR and MWLW in all fabrication techniques both in premolar and molar models (p>0.05). \nConclusion. In consequence was DLMS was best fitting fabrication techniques for single crown based on the results of this study. All groups were within the clinically acceptable misfit range.

The present study deals with the modeling and performance evaluation of mechanical water chiller and geothermal source heating and cooling systems. Heating and cooling loads of cigarette factory building in Mersin, Turkey are calculated and these systems are applied to this cigarette factory. In order to calculate these loads, cooling load temperature difference method is used. In this study, it was concluded that geothermal heat pump unit was more useful and productive than mechanical compression water chiller.

Purpose. Although retrospective studies have reported good clinical performance for the use of crown coverage after tooth build-up, the performance of restorations using fibre posts and direct resin composite has not been adequately studied. This study reports the results of a prospective clinical trial that compared the performance of polyethylene and zirconia-rich glass fibre posts.\nMaterials and Methods. Sixty-two single-rooted maxillary and mandibular central incisors in 44 patients (15 males, 29 females; age range 15 32 years) were restored with either an ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene fibre post or a zirconia-rich glass fibre post. The patients were recalled for evaluations at 6, 12, 24, and 36 months.\nResults. The restorations were assessed during each recall evaluation according to predetermined clinical and radiographic criteria. The follow-up data showed no significant difference in these criteria between polyethylene fibre posts and zirconia-rich glass fibre posts.\nConclusion. Within the limitations of this study, the outcomes of restoration did not differ in endodontically treated teeth with zirconia-rich glass and polyethylene fibre posts and direct resin composite.

Background: Distinguishing squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from keratoacanthomas (KA) by histopathological features can be in sufficient for differential diagnosis. KAs may sometimes successfully imitate well-differentiated SCCs. In this study, we investigated whether the expression of p16, p21, p27, p53 genes and aKi-67 proliferation index are useful for distinguishing between these two tumours.\nMethods: p16, p21, p27, p53 expression and a Ki-67 proliferation index wereinvestigatedinwell-differentiated SCC with KA-like features (n=40)and KA (n=30)by immunohistochemistry .\nResults:All markers, except for p27, examined (p16, p21, p53, and Ki-67) were significantly different between SCC and KA samples(p<0.05).\nConclusion:In well-differentiated SCCwith KA-like features and KA cases where the differential diagnosis is difficult from ahistopathologicperspective, we think that utilization of p16, p21, p53 expression and a Ki-67 proliferation index may be useful in the differential diagnosis ofSCCs and KAs.

The paradigm of “social exchange” and the paradigm of “the gift” apparently\ndescribe the same form of human interaction whether it is goods, ideas or feelings exchanges.\nOnly that throughout history, ritual exchange gifts, described by Marcel Mauss in his famous\nessay, lost some of its symbolic load and altered his essence. Although archaic forms of\ndistribution and redistribution of the \"gifts\" can still be easily identified in our modern or\npost-modern societies, they have lost their spiritual dimension and kept only the pragmatic\none. Is Mauss\'s essay a \"history of secularization, a history of disenchantment of the world\nthrough the disenchantment of the gift” as Camille Tarot wrote? Is this the reason why we\nfeel so often lonely and uprooted? This study aims to answer these questions from a\nsociological point of view.

As technologies for sustainability are more improved, not only direct environmental contaminations from using fuels and chemicals but also indirect environmental pollutions from a whole process of product life cycle are more concerned by consumers, manufacturers, and governments. This study presents how much environmental impact would be yielded by a brake system which consists with drum brakes and drums and how the impact would be related with weight, durability and re-manufacturability of the system based on the market segments of class 8 trucks in US through a life cycle assessment (LCA). From the results of LCA, several recommendations are suggested for development of a new brake system in US. This study provides practical guidelines for making decision on how a new brake system can be optimized in terms of sustainability.

Background/Aim: The purpose of this study was to assess the histological parameters of patients with hepatitis c refractory to previous conventional interferon-based treatment.\nPatients and Methods:: This Analytical study was conducted at Medical Unit IV Liaquat University Hospital, Jamshoro, Sindh, from from July 2009 to June2011.This study included 536 consecutive patients of hepatitis C who were previously treated with conventional interferon-based treatment for six months but were either nonresponders, relapsed or had virologic breakthrough. Liver biopsy was performed in all patients under local anesthesia by a trained person after taking consent and fully explaining the procedure to patients. Fibrosis stage was performed in accordance to the METAVIR group scoring system as F0 = no fibrosis; F1 = portal fibrosis without septa; F2=few septa; F3 = numerous septa without cirrhosis; or F4 = cirrhosis.\nContinuous variables such as age, ALT, platelet count were computes as mean ± SD and categorical variables such as sex, pattern of response, Sustained viral response, stage of fibrosis were expressed as frequency with percentage. All data was processed on SPSS version 16. \n\n\n\n\n\nRESULTS:\n\nThis study enrolled 906patients0f which 536 (59%)were male and 370(41%)female. The mean age was 37.4 ± 9.9 years, hemoglobin (g/dl) was 11.8 ± 0.9, platelet count (103/mm3) was 325.2 ± 38.4 , and SGPT (IU/L) was 119 ± 75.4.On liver biopsy fibrosis stage 0 were present in 140 (15.5%) stage 1 in 277(30.6%),stage II was present in 295(32.6 %),stage III in119(13.1%) and stage IV in 50 (5.5%) whereas 25(2.8%) patients stage was undermined because of smaller piece of biopsy sample. \nCONCLUSION:\nThis study showed that substantial number of patients have stage 0 and 1 fibrosis which could be either they have insignificant fibrosis at beginning of previous course or there might be histological improvement with persistence of HCV in circulation.

Abstract: In this study, the sources of pollution have been first identified and then emission monitoring system has been studied in order to calculate the emission factor. In the next stage, volumetric concentration of gaseous pollutants released has been measured for phases 6, 7 and 8 of the refinery in four seasons in 2013 and three times of full load in each season in terms of ppm and according to the working hours of the units per year, the actual emission factor for CO, SO_2, NO_2, NO_x gases have been calculated in terms of (μgr/m^3) as well as the total amount of pollution released from each phase of the refinery. According to the thermodynamic relations governing the gases and mass balance of combustion products, the concentration of these gases has been processed and output of this process involving the mass concentration of the combustion gases, the emission rate and factor for each of these gases has been determined.\nThe results have shown that CO and NO_x pollutants have the highest rate of emission factors of the gas refinery, while SO_2, NO_2 pollutants have the lowest rate of diffusion coefficients. Therefore, according to the determination of the diffusion coefficient of highest and lowest emissions, the exact contribution of air pollutant index can be calculated in industrial areas such as South Pars. The calculations may be used to manage air pollution and current and future needs, monitoring and control systems of pollutants, damage to the urban area and environment, etc.

This research aims to study the process of music teaching and music education at the College of Music, Yunnan Art University and to study the guidelines that have been utilized successfully at the College. Music education at the university is administrated by 2 divisions. The first division is the National People’s Congress and the second division is the Local People’s Congress who work closely with the provincial local government. The process of music education at the College of Music, Yunnan Art University, People’s Republic of China produces excellent graduates and professionalism in music. The education process and development emphasizes the important of the student where they receive one on one tutoring and rigorous training and practice. The instructors consists of Professors, Associate Professors, Assistant Professors and Lecturers that are full time instructors at the college of music where their responsibility is to only teach with no administrative duties. There are also special advisors and musicians that the college of music invites on a regular basis to provide special courses and lectures. Instructors are also provided with the prospect to extend their knowledge base through sponsored tuitions and also exchange ideas and experience with other scholars throughout the world. The students and instructors are regularly evaluated so that improvements can be suggested and applied. Students are evaluated by the marks they receive, while instructors are evaluated before and after their lessons. The evaluation process insures that students graduate in accordance with the qualified objectives of the curriculum and that instructors are continuously developing their teaching methods and knowledge.

Optimal surgical treatment method of istmic spondylolisthesis remains unclear. Complications can be invited while saving a segment for lumbar motion. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the effect of the number of fusion levels on the clinical results of adult isthmic spondylolisthesis patients who had undergone posterior instrumentation and PLF.\n This retrospective study comprised 37 (20 male, 17 female) patients with isthmic spondylolisthesis who had undergone posterior instrumentation and PLF (Postero-lateral fusion) between January 2005 and May 2011. Pre and post-operative radiological evaluation was made by anteroposterior, lateral, oblique and lateral flexion-extension x-rays. Preoperative spondylolisthesis slippage grading was evaluated according to the Meyerding classification from the preoperative radiographs.\n The mean age of the patients was 36.4± 9.2 years and the mean follow-up period was 34.3 months. Two-level fusion was applied to 22 patients and single-level fusion was applied to 15 patients. Decompression was performed on 7 patients in the two-level fusion group and on 6 patients in the single-level fusion group. There were no neurological complication after surgery in either group. No union complications were seen in the two-level PLF group but in the single-level PLF group, screw loosening occurred in 3 patients and screw breakage in 1 due to the pseudoarthrosis. These four patients were revised with two-level PLF. \n This study has demonstrated that two-level posterior instrumentation and PLF with local bone grafts and DBM have significantly better clinical and radiological results than single-level surgery. To avoid potential complications of PLIF, two-level PLF can be an alternative treatment option.

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of repair mortar on the dynamic properties such as natural frequencies, mode shape and damping ratios of two story single span scale reinforced concrete building. To this end, two story single span scale reinforced concrete building having dimensions of 150 cm (width), 150 cm (length) and 135 m (height) was constructed. Workmanship defects of the structure were properly evaluated. Dynamic properties of damaged structure were experimentally determined using Operational Modal Analysis (OMA). Detected damages in the structure were fixed by plastering with repair mortar. Dynamic properties of repaired structure were reevaluated by using the OMA method. Finite element software called ABAQUS was used to numerically determine dynamic properties of the structure. Structure modeled as solid was subjected to Linear Perturbation Frequency Method. The changes in dynamic properties of structure after the repair process were comparatively studied by evaluating experimental and numerical results.

Metals waste materials create serious environmental problems, mainly owing to the inconsistency of the ‎wastes streams. Iron filings are very small pieces of iron that look like a light powder. They are very often ‎used in science demonstrations to show the direction of a magnetic field. ‎‏ ‏The purpose of this paper is to ‎evaluate the possibility of using iron filings as one of the component of concrete mix. Four different ‎percentage of iron filing were added to concrete mix to measure the variation which may be obtained in ‎compression and tensile concrete strengths after 28 days. A 144 standard cubes and cylinders were ‎performed and tested in this study using 0% (control), 10%, 20% and 30% of iron filing in concrete mix. It is ‎concluded that, Concrete compressive strength increased gradually when iron filing added to the concrete ‎mix where the tensile strength had a minor effect if the percentage of iron filing used more than 10%. Two ‎formulas represented these relations are proposed which may be used to anticipated the percentage of ‎increase crossponding to each quantity of iron filing added to concrete mix.‎

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations that exist between certain highly evolved soil fungi and plant roots, and can be of various types. These associations can be classified by their location, and exert great importance in various crops including cereals. Endomycorrhizae or arbuscular mycorrhizae also called, are common in soil, as found in the majority of these and in a high percentage in the ground, and in association with the most crops, and are characterized ectomicorizas fungal hyphae do not penetrate into the cells of the root, but that are located above and between these separations. The aim of this paper is to review the current state

Objective\nTo investigate the effects of gender on tear production in normal and neutered dogs.\nAnimals studied \nTwo-hundred healthy ophthalmoscopically and systemically unremarkable dogs.\nProcedure\nSchirmer tear tests (STT) were performed every month on two eyes of each of 200 dogs: 100 sexually mature females, 100 sexually mature males.\nResults\nThere was a significant effect of gender in neutered dogs on the STT measurement. \nWhen compared to normal male dogs, the mean STT value of neutered male ones decreased from 18.6 ± 3.1 mm to 15.5 ± 2.9 mm. Similar results were found in neutered female dogs which their mean STT value was significantly lower than normal female dogs (from 19.2 ± 3.3 mm to 16.5 ± 4.5 mm). Tear production decreased with gender in the neutered dog. In this population of dogs, the largest difference was nearly 19 months (male neutered dogs: 18.4 ± 7.8 months; female neutered dogs: 20.3 ± 5.6 months), STT measurements that amounted to 7.19 mm (male neutered dogs: 7.68 ± 1.1 mm; female neutered dogs: 6.7 ± 1.2 mm).\nConclusions\nThis value is likely to be of clinical significance in the diagnosis of keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). No studies in the veterinary literature have investigated variations in the presentation and clinical signs of KCS between neutering and KCS in dogs. Our results showed that incidence of KCS in the neutered dogs is 9.5%, depending on the report and how the data were obtained, while the incidence in normal dogs is approximately 1–4%.

Abstract\nSecond/foreign language teacher education has been something we have done, rather something we have studied for much of our professional history. The last two decades, however, have witnessed increased interests in teacher education research which is due to the emergence of new approaches to the nature of teacher knowledge and hence the role of teacher education programs in preparing the teachers for practical teaching. This study is, therefore, aimed at investigating the knowledge base of pre-service teacher education (PSTE) in Iran. In so doing, a teacher education knowledge base questionnaire (TEKB) was designed, developed, and validated. Cronbach alpha index was used to calculate the reliability of the scale. Factor analysis was also performed to decide on the construct validity of the questionnaire. The respondents were requested to mark the questionnaire on the likert scale of 1 to 5 to indicate the extent to which the included topics are covered at university at BA and MA .Seven components were extracted from the scale which were: theory, language concepts, learner issues, teacher awareness, materials design and production, research skills, and post-method pedagogy. Based on the descriptive statistics obtained, factors such as theory, language concepts, and learner issues are covered more than research skills, material design and production, teacher awareness, and post-method pedagogy. In fact, the last four factors which are less dealt with in pre-service teacher education in Iran constitute the current pedagogic concerns of the experts in the field and of course much of what teachers need while practicing inside the classrooms. What these results imply is that some kind of traditional transmission model is currently exercised in PSTE in Iran.

Due to bits being recorded at ultra-high density, a bit-patterned media recording (BPMR) system is faced with two-dimensional (2D) interference--inter-symbol interference (ISI) and inter-track interference (ITI)--which degrades the overall performance of a recording system unless data recovery module can cope efficiently with ISI and ITI. To tackle the 2D interference problem, a multi-track channel equalization, which controls the effect of 2D interference in the readback signal, together with a multi-track channel detection have been proposed. In principle, a multi-head multi-track system should perform these duties well, but a multi-head array is still not feasible with current technology. As an alternative, we propose a novel single-track equalization and a single track detection that can perform these duties almost equally well. Our novel equalizer design uses ISI and ITI estimation schemes with the help of cross-correlation functions. In implementing our equalizer, we made two assumptions that bit sequences recorded on three adjacent tracks were known and readback signal from the main track was available at receiver side. Thereafter, this work predict the ISI coefficients based on the cross-correlation functions between the readback signal and the known recorded bit sequence of itself and ITI coefficients based on those functions between the readback signal and the known bit sequences of the two interfering adjacent tracks. Unlike a conventional design of generalized partial response (GPR) target, we construct a proposed GPR target with our specially estimated coefficients. In the last step of the proposed design, a channel equalizer is constructed based on the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) method according to our specially designed GPR target. The simulation result shows that our proposed method is able to achieve a significant performance gain over the one-dimensional (1D) equalization method and the conventional joint-track equalization, especially at higher recording density.

Abstract\nBackground\nType 2 diabetes (T2D) has become a leading health problem worldwide. In this study, we aim to identify the pathways significantly relevant to T2D, and then take a brief review based on these pathways.\nMethod\nThe genes associated with T2D were extracted by text mining tool from literature database. Then we employed the Fisher’s exact test based on the cumulative hypergeometric distribution to evaluate the pathways significantly relevant to T2D. Finally, a brief review and discussion were given based on these pathways.\nResult\nA total of 135 genes associated with T2D were confirmed and 76 pathways significantly relevant to T2D were identified from 880 cellular pathways. These 76 pathways can mainly catalogue to five classes: adipocytokine, inflame, PPAR, insulin and T2D pathway. Adipocytokine pathway from KEGG database ranks NO 1 by P-value.\nConclusion\nResult suggests that analysis of pathway is a helpful way to facilitate us to understand the mechanism of T2D. Disregulated the adipocytokine and inflammatory pathway is the hallmark of T2D originated from the organism in the status of excess energy over long time span.

This paper deals with the regularity for solutions of semilinear second order equations contained the nonlinear convolution with cosine families\nand obtain a variation of constant formula for solutions of the\ngiven equations.

“Naxi Ethnic Minority Music Tradition in Lijiang, Yunnan Province: Role, Conservation, Transmission and Development,” is a qualitative research study which is aimed at 1) examining the characteristics and role of the Naxi ethnic minority music and 2) exploring the guidelines for conservation, transmission and development of Naxi ethnic minority music in Yunnan Province. The Naxi’s music is a hexatone with six notes and is classified into 2 groups based on the composition which are 1) sacred music, performed during religious rituals and 2) beliefs and livelihood music which include weddings, music for children, music to accompany daily chores, mountain music, dancing, funerals and mourning. The transmission of Naxi music has remained consistent for generations and can be classified into 3 methods. The first method is the transmission of musical knowledge and skills through family members which were passed down by grandparents to their children and eventually to their grandchildren. The second method is through direct tutoring of instructors. The third method is an indirect learning and teaching format where students observe, memorize and try to duplicate the rhythms and notes of their teacher and other musicians. The Naxi’s music has been largely preserved throughout their history which is due to the geographic isolation of the community and through the efforts and dedication of the Naxi’s in safeguarding their culture. The Naxi have created an indigenous cultural center where they have amassed a large collection of Naxi music instruments, research, recordings and publications of their ethnic music and recordings of senior musicians. Regular performances of Naxi music can be seen daily at the Naxi ancient music hall in Lijiang city. The Naxi’s music hall is their cultural center that has successfully contributed to the conservation and revitalization of their music heritage.

Improving the technical and economic results at the level of any plantation represents an objective necessity and can be achieved, in good conditions, through a continuous process of optimization and re-optimization of the main economic activities. \nTaking into account the function of maximizing production, we can notice that the best results have been achieved in the case of using complex fertilizers such as: N150P90K60 and N150P120K60, a fact which makes the large surfaces to be occupied by the varieties fertilized with these fertilizers. \nWe can say that, if the sour cherry tree plantations are fertilized with this combination and if this is complemented by favorable weather conditions, large production outputs can be achieved with high profitability.

The purpose of this paper is to promote the setting up of farms whose size allow the practice of a viable, sustainable agriculture, capable to apply the newest technologies and lead to profit and efficiency, to the economical and organizational consolidation.\nThe risk is a very important variable in the simulation behavior farms. This paper aims to build programming models to simulate the behavior of agricultural farms, that must be calibrate by the culture plan of the year basis or as the average over several years by the agricultural holding. Economic rationale behind this requirement is that in this way the model adequately represents the environment in which the decision maker agricultural structure shall base its decision.\nAs a consequence, the resizing of the agricultural holdings, the partnership between the producers, the integration of the agricultural production, the rural development, the consumers’ constant request for agricultural and food products, the decrease of the deficit of the commercial balance for the agricultural products, the increase of the population’s life standard, the safety of the food, all these are goals that have to be under the continuous attention of the authorities at central and local level.

The present article describes the use of plants as bioassays for the genotoxicity detection induced had leached of soils with arsenic (As) of three places of the half-deserted one in the states of Querétaro and Hidalgo, Mexico. The test of mutations in somatic cells of Tradescantia staminal hairs of clone 4430 was used (Trad-MSCSH). The results demonstrated that in soil leachate of Zimapán, Hidalgo and Bella Vista, Querétaro, there is a risk of using this water for drinking since mutations were observed in the hairs of Tradescantia clone 4430. Notably, this test in most of the work is reported for volatile organic compounds or contaminants in the air but showed excellent response to contaminants in aqueous leachates.

The number of women who settle in urban areas from rural villages is growing in South Africa. The promise of a better life for these women in cities appears real for them. The government has done much in building low cost houses and bringing services to many poor families. However, as numbers burgeon, so does the demand for housing and essential services. This case study examines the experiences of eight women who had migrated to the city of Port Elizabeth. They all meet in Nene Informal Settlement where they find life hard. Trying to feed their children, their stories reflect life of poverty and ill-health. With no full time jobs, they have no hopes of moving out of the squalor. The environment is not a solace either. They are interviewed, shadowed and observed in their environment. The paper concludes by showing that although these women have no power, they have a potential to be effective change agents.

In this paper, fi?rstly we give the metallic structure ~J on the tangent bundle TM and obtain an integrability condition for ~J. Also, we fi?nd a condition for (TM; ~J; ~g) to be a metallic Riemannian manifold, where ~g is the Cheeger-Gromoll metric on the tangent bundle TM. And fi?nally, we give a characterization for locally decomposable Golden Riemannian tangent bundle (TM; ~J; ~g).

Abstract:\nThe present study was aimed at development of strategies to overcome the\ndifficulties in learning physics at secondary level. Twenty five male and twenty female\nsecondary school students were randomly selected from the population of 107 male and\n43 female schools for this study. The total sample of students and teachers was 155 and\n90 respectively. Two questionnaires (having 37 items each), one for students and other\nfor teachers, were developed using five point Likert Scale. Both the questionnaires were\nvalidated through pilot study and expert’s opinion. Questionnaires were personally\nadministrated by the researcher; however, in girls’ schools some female teachers\nprovided help. The data were analyzed through matrix correlation and factor loading in\nthe form of four factors. Through this study, it was found that both the students and\nteachers were agreed on seven out of nineteen statements as difficulties and eighteen out\nof eighteen statements as strategies to overcome difficulties in learning physics at\nsecondary stage. Male students expressed more difficulties than that of female students.

A complete diallel cross experiment was conducted involving five cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) genotypes viz. SLH-41, F-281, COKER-3113, LA-85-52-1 and H-88-8-J.69-J.70 to explore genetic effects controlling various quantitative traits. Data on major agaronomic traits including plant height, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, number of monopodial and sympodial branches were recorded. All the genotypes were found to be significantly different from each other for the above mentioned traits. Joint regression analysis proved the validity of the data of all traits for additive-dominance model. Traits like plant height, number of bolls per plant, boll weight, number of sympodial branches and number of monopodial branches were governed by over-dominance type of gene action while the inheritance of number of sympodial branches was of additive type with partial dominance. Over dominance suggested heterosis breeding as an appropriate tool for improvement of these traits.

The greatness and fame of Hafez is universal though he is a Persian poet. Yet, there are a lot of misunderstandings about his use of specific words in his poetry. As he talks about and praises things which are in contradiction with the religious believes of a Muslim in an Islamic country, mostly these misunderstandings are intensified. However, through employing defamiliarization as a technique in approaching his poetry, it is revealed that these misunderstandings are baseless. Actually, the present paper‟s method is to apply defamiliarization to Hafez‟s sonnets to suggest that the most problematic words in his sonnets, those associated with wine – which are strongly prohibited in Islamic thoughts, are Hafez‟s best examples of defamiliarization. Actually, Hafez uses these terms to defamiliarize the dominant hypocritical, pretentious and nasty cultural beliefs and situation of the people of his era. Through this technique, Hafez creates the image of a nation that is trapped in habitualization, and the real sense of the universe is vanished. Therefore, defamiliarization becomes a means in his hand to force his readers to perceive the reality of their life, attitudes, behaviors and relationships.

This article presents an exergy analysis to identify the highest exergy destruction of the biodiesel process from Ricinus communis. There have also included also two loops: a closed loop to recover the excess of methanol and an energetic integration from condenser process to improve the performance production. The simulation and thermodynamic properties of each component were calculated using Aspen Plus®. The results showed that the component with the highest irreversibility loss energy had a value of 441.5 kW in the transesterification stage, which represents 94.2% of the total. On the other hand, thermal load savings and methanol recovered in the biodiesel process values close to 20% and 67%, respectively were obtained. Finally, some amount of waste energy recovered from biodiesel plant was added to a generator of a single stage absorption chiller to produce 826 W of cooling capacity, with a COP of 0.51 for performance improvement of the entire process.

In the wide territory of Iran, there are gardens that are considered as valuable examples, from the point of view of art and architecture and popularized Iranian landscape design in other countries and especially in Islamic ones.\n A bout the iranian garden, which is a proverb of heaven and effort to reach ideal heaven in this word, there are a lot of writtens.among it, the effect of shapegeometrical structural, in the general form and shape of iranian gardens, it represented distinguish.\n Iran, as a hot and dry country suffers from the lack of water supplies for plantation coverage. It seems really important to have gardens made due to its significant importance in Iranians’ art. Considering documents and variety of studies done in libraries. This paper studies the qualities of persian gardens. The results show that in order to make a anique persian garden, we are in need of some elements like soil, water, plants and layout. Here, we have fully studied Bagh-e Shah Zadeh Mahan (Mahan prince garden) as a typical case.

Glaucoma is the world’s second largest reason for blindness worldwide as a results in the neuro degeneration of the optic nerve. The recovery of the degenerated optic nerve fibers is not medically feasible and Glaucoma is often undetected till its later stages. The objective of this study is to classify the given retinal image as Glaucoma image or healthy image using texture classification. Once the image is identified as a Glaucoma image, exudates are detected using Fuzzy c- means clustering. Texture classification plays a vital role in biomedical imaging, document processing, fault identification and other fields. For the past three decades, many models have been used for clinical image classification and identification or segmentation of abnormal tissues in the images. Texture features within images are actively pursued for accurate and efficient glaucoma classification. R,G and B components of glaucoma images are considered as input for network formation. After that, the exudates are segmented in the given image. Experimental results are shown in the discussion section.

In this paper, a trust-region algorithm for solving a general nonlinear programming problem is introduced. An active set strategy is used together with a penalty method to transform the general nonlinear programming problem with equality and inequality constraints to unconstrained optimization problem.\n\nA convergence theory for this algorithm is presented. Under reasonable assumptions, it is shown that the algorithm is globally convergent. In particular, it is shown that, in the limit, a subsequence of the iteration sequence satisfies one of four types of stationary conditions.\nNamely, the in feasible Mayer-Bliss conditions, Fritz John\'s conditions, the in feasible Fritz John conditions, or the KKT conditions.\n\nPreliminary numerical experiment on the algorithm is presented. The performance of the algorithm is reported on some classical problem.

In this study, durability of concrete with silica fume (SF), fly ash (FA) and blast furnace slag (BFS) were investigated. Some mixtures prepared by substituting 5% and 10% of cement by weight with one of SF, BFS and FA. Binary and ternary mixtures prepared by substituting 10% of cement with two and three of SF, BFS and FA using, respectively. Also, 5% and 10% of aggregates by weight were substituted with BFS as fine aggregates. Compressive strength of 7, 28, 180-day concrete samples, permeability and abrasion of 28-day concrete samples and sulfate resistance of 60-day concrete samples were determined. In addition, the SEM scans were examined. Samples with blast furnace slag had higher compressive strength and durability. Compressive strength of 28 and 180-day samples with 10% SF instead of cement and 10% BFS instead of aggregate were 17% and 20% higher than compressive strength of reference samples, respectively. Concrete samples with two and three mineral additives showed higher compressive strength compared to the samples with single mineral additives.

The adsorption isotherm curves provide information useful for storage and drying processes. The isotherms show the relationship between the relative humidity and the humidity of the grains at a constant temperature. In this study, the data of moisture balance Hordeum distichum L. grown by adsorption were determined at 20-25 ° C and water activities of 10 to 80.6% using the static gravimetric method. Two mathematical models (Henderson and Pfost Chung modified) were used to compare the experimental data. The moisture content adsorbed at equilibrium for the barley grain was relatively high compared with that set standards for the production of malt at the end of 25 days and this is indicative of the times of storage temperature conditions 20-25 ° C and relative humidity above 50% should be less than 20 days. The modified Henderson model offered the best option for assessing the adsorption isotherms of barley grain with better regression (0.91) that the model of Chuang-Pfost

Purpose: Smoking habit remains to be a major social problem despite new disincentive measures taken recently. In this study, we aimed to evaluate smoking cessation rates of first-degree relatives of patients with smoking related serious pulmonary diseases as well as the change in their point of view about smoking. \nMethods and materials: A questionnaire was administered to first-degree relatives of 68 patients with lung cancer and 30 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). \nResults: Average tobacco exposure was 32 pack-years for relatives of lung cancer patients, whereas it was 20 packet-years for relatives of COPD patients (p<0.05). Intention to quit cigarette smoking was present in % 83 of relatives of lung cancer patients and in % 62 of relatives of COPD patients (p<0,01). % 56 of (n=55) total participants declared that they attempted to stop smoking and % 12 (n=12) declared that they tried aided quit attempts. % 51 of the study participants found none of the components of new Tobacco Control Law effective, whereas % 48 found the prohibition of smoking indoor public places effective and deterrent.\nConclusions: Relatives of lung cancer patients have a higher will to quit cigarette smoking. Smoking cessation interventions may be more effective and successive in this group as their motivation is higher as they witnessed tobacco related serious health problems.